5 Minute Sppech

Does the thought of writing and delivering a speech terrify you? Most people share your fear. But why remain scared of public speaking when the solution to this age old problem is so simple? Follow these simple speaking tips and you'll be ready to present a decent speech next week. First, take a deep breath and relax your mind. Your challenge is to speak to an audience about a topic that you know something about. In other words, you will be sharing your knowledge in a conversational manner with people who are interested in what you have to say. Second, break down the elements of your speech.A simple technique to use in your opening is the Attention Grabber Question. Ask the audience a question that will force them to respond either aloud or to themselves. This will get people involved with your topic and provide you with the positive feedback you need to share a quality message. Decide on three main body points that you want to cover. You may even choose three stories or anecdotes to use as the body points. That will make audience sharing even easier. The goal is to make you feel like you're telling a story to a friend. The only difference is that you're telling the story to ten, twenty, fifty or one hundred friends!Finally, your conclusion must challenge, issue a call to action, or motivate your audience to do something positive with the information that you've just shared. The conclusion is the most frequently abused piece of a speech. The speaker typically hurries to finish and leaves out a profound bit of wisdom that the audience needs and wants. Speaker Beware – Don't try to memorize your speech word for word. If you lose your place and grasp for the exact word that makes up your script, you may draw a mind blank and panic. Let's look at a simple speech topic that can quickly be developed into a complete presentation.Suppose you want to talk about container gardening. An Attention Grabber Question might be, â€Å"How many of you have a green thumb? â€Å"Well neither did I until I started dropping plants into pots. † Audience members will either answer yes or no to the green thumb question. You have their involvement at this point in the beginning. Your three main body points may feature three different types of plants you have successfully grown in containers. For added impact, show pictures of your work or bring a sample of your passion for gardening. Props always add another dimension to your presentations. Let your excitement about the topic fuel your words.In the conclusion, simply tell the audience how easy it is to begin container gardening. You may even give them resources to explore for more information. This leaves the audience members with valuable advice that they can use after leaving the room. For beginning orators, consider taking a three by five note card to the lectern. The card should only feature the Attention Grabber Question, the three main body points, and the profound conclusion that sends the au dience home feeling content and fulfilled. Glance at the card only to keep order. Make an effort to look at each audience member.Use a sweeping eye movement so that you're sharing the information with everyone in the room. As you gain confidence as a speaker, you can experiment with hand gestures, vocal variety and body movement. These skills will develop with practice. When you get that next speech assignment, decide to share and not recite your wisdom. Break down the elements of the presentation. Don't let the project overwhelm you. Make sure you give the audience members something to take home. You are offering some information that they can use. With a positive, sharing attitude, you can knock out a quality presentation in only 5 – 7 minutes!

Audience as Market vs Audience as Public Essay

The relevance of ratings is very crucial, for it is what determines the most looked after programs that give a hint of satisfaction from the audiences as consumers. It is a measure of response that helps producers and managers determine what type of programs are appropriate for a certain time of the day. It also tells something about the audience, generally, their age and program preference. The audience-as-market view was manifested through the many advertisements that can be found on the commercials or air-time allotted in-between television programs. (Ang, 1991, pp. 28) Most of the television programs were an also profit-making program that generates money from the emotions and satisfaction of the public domain. In a more traditional sense, wherein broadcasting is used as a means of transmitting information, the audiences are viewed as a public. In a broad sense it portrays public service through broadcasting. Those who take broadcasting in the traditional sense believe that they have a responsibility to provide information to the public domain or to their audiences. (Ang, 1991, pp. 29) Impact of Globalization There had been several changes in the broadcasting industry due to the innovations in technology and the advent of globalization. The new ways of delivering audio-visual information via satellite have tremendously increase the audience choice and made access to different programs a lot more cheaper (McQuail, 1997, pp. 9). An instance that shows the advent of globalization can be reflected on the different interactive programs use to generate funds and advertisements. In public service broadcasting, the latest innovations have made it easier to get and present information and news. By being interactive, it had been able to solicit questions and opinions from the audience that further create a more informed viewers. Conclusion Broadcasting is a money-making industry that was promoted by a capitalist institution. Although there were views that it is ought to be used and contextualize to serve the public, nevertheless, this view would only be a part of a larger cultural-market scheme. It is important to analyze the institutional framework that fueled the broadcasting industry in able for one to determine how analyze the audience. Due to the fact that it is the institutional framework which determines who are the audiences and how they are supposed to response and be address. Bibliography Ang, I. 1991Desperately Seeking the Audience, Routledge, London/New York, , pp. 26-32 McQuail, D. 1997Audience Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, , pp. 1-11. Moores, S. 2000. Media And Everyday Life In Modern Society. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. pp. 5-23 Schirato, T. and Yell, S. 1996`Communication and Culture`, Communication and Cultural Literacy: An introduction, Allen and Unwin, St Leonards, Sydney, , pp. 1-21 Schlesinger, P. Do Institutions Matter For Public Servic Broadcasting? University of Stirling, Scotland. Retrieved on August 12, 2007. Retrieved from www. ofcom. org. uk/consult/condocs/psb2/psb2/psbwp/wp2schles. pdf Thompson, J. 1997, `Mass Communication and Mass Culture` in O`Sullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold Ltd, London, pp. 28-41 Williams, R. 1997`Mass and Masses` in O`Sullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (Eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold ltd, , pp. 18-27

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay Advertising is one part of the promotional mix, and therefore advertising objectives will be set in line with overall Promotional and Marketing Objectives, which in turn will relate to the organizations’ overall Corporate Objectives. In general, however, there are three main categories of advertising objectives a business might set itself in terms of whether it seeks to Inform, Persuade or Remind the target audience. Types of advertisement: Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the product, explain how the product works, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the product and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new product, or re-launch / up-date of an existing product. It’s the product of Pepsi Company and wants to inform people about it. Presenting different taste and verity of the product in daily print & Electronic media to influence people towards product. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the product as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of products compete directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their product through Comparison Advertising – either directly or indirectly comparing its product to that of its competitors. Here Nestle Pakistan wants to inform public about the price of Product NIDO Price. That its price 39 rupees per liter and also persuade that it is low price then market price as well as grater Quality. Their target market is for product children’s. Remind: Reminder Advertising is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established product in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Such advertisi ng is used by the likes of Coca-Cola and other leading brands, to maintain their position in the market. Nestle Yogurt is well know product of Nestle Pakistan, they advertise just remind people about the product. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising P-5: Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations. Uses of advertisement: Advertisements are used to tell the audience what products you are selling, services you provide and the type of business you do such as whether your business provides finance company loan services for purchasers. Advertisements may be used to notify the public of the date and venue of an event. They inform consumers of what is available with a view to get the customers into the store and make sales. Other Uses are Corporate Communications Incentive Programs Multi-State Marketing Campaigns Multifunction/Department Management Regional Markets Prominent Client List Strategic Advertising Account Marketing/Sales Vendor Research & Selection Strong Customer Relations Print/Newspaper Trends Marketing Program Execution Uses in Reminding: Brief messages designed chiefly to keep a product in the mind of the consumer once the product is already familiar. Reminder advertising usually follows an extensive advertising campaign, and therefore does not elaborate on the reasons to buy the product. Common examples of reminder advertisements are those found on matchbooks and pencils and in skywriting, as well as the more traditional media vehicles. Advertising designed to remind consumers of the benefits of a product or service, or of their current need for those benefits. For instance, the XYZ Company may seek to remind consumers of their need for XYZ anti-freeze when the weather begins to turn cold.

ERR Course Project - Identify a Hypothesis or Problem Research Paper

ERR Course Project - Identify a Hypothesis or Problem - Research Paper Example sm rate is also at a high rate of 52%, meaning that the current correctional or rehabilitation systems for criminals are not effective in reducing crime rate within the country. Secondly, this hypothesis is worth proving because part of the research will focus on why crime in America is increasing rather than decreasing, and from these findings, the researcher will be able to recommend or suggest various measures that can reduce crime in America. The researcher can simple prove that crime in America is increasing, by simply relying on credible secondary data from a reliable agency like the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which has records of criminals within America. Moreover, the agency even posts such records on its official website, which is easily accessible by anyone. Upon accessing the records, the researcher will confirm or prove the hypothesis if the records show an increase in the number of criminal cases filled at the local courts or if there is an increase in the number of people convicted because of criminal

Inside the Meltdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inside the Meltdown - Essay Example In this particular clip, on the meltdown that took place in the year 2008 in the United States of America, the theme economy has dominated the whole story. In this particular melt down, a lot of emphasis are made on the financial markets and the different economists who hold a number of high ranks are trying to react to this. Nearly all the departmental heads and the economists of this time, are advocating for the need to increase the oversight on financial markets. There is a liquidity threat and the economists are trying to analyze on how the availability of cash in the economy can lead to a solvency problem to some of the major financial institutions like banks. The whole story shows the high levels of risks that get evident as a result of funding long term liquid assets, which come along with liabilities that entails shorter durations of time. A lot of issues pertaining the levels of interest that need to get set on loans as well as the investments to get conducted arise in this meltdown. Responsibility as a theme has got the better part of this film. This is very evident by the number of state officials in the government dockets gets reacting towards this particular meltdown. A number of employees and other departmental heads from Bear Stearns Organization are reacting to this matter and everyone is trying to get more responsible by playing his or her part. No one wants to get pointed finger at as the one responsible for this particular economic depression, therefore ensures that his/her records are clean, and has undertaken all the duties expected of him/her. Another dominant theme in the story is media and information. In the clip, all the working places a number of televisions where the workers follow the news. Any of the latest information reaching the media gets anchored and spread to the public or citizens by use of the television media. This has made all

Health Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health Management - Essay Example In relation with this, it has been noticed that several organisations including the health care organisations have introduced leadership training facilities which intend to develop leadership qualities among the consulting psychiatrists. However, as per the statement presented by Raelin (2003), â€Å"Most leadership training that is being conducted off?site is ill?advised because the intent of most of this training is to put leadership into people, such that they can transform themselves and their organisations on their return†. Based on this statement, it can be argued that most of the programmes of leadership training that are being conducted by the corporate off-sites, such as in the healthcare divisions are considered to be ill-advised (Raelin, 2003). The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the off-site leadership programmes that are conducted by the organisations, especially those related with healthcare service rendering activities such as that of consulting psychiatrists. In this regards, the discussion henceforth will intend to examine the aforementioned statement connoted by Raelin (2003) considering the point of view of a psychiatrist. A Broad View to Leadership Training Programmes Leadership training requirements were initially noticed by corporate entities and therefore a significant degree of impression can be identified in the approaches which apparently exhibit the interests of such concerns. The corporate business organisations have been noticed to expend billions of dollars per annum on the training programmes conducted to enhance leadership skills amid professionals. However, with the passing time, leadership approaches conducted by these business entities became to be extensively indulged with human psychology and human responses. Rather than the sole motive to direct or rather instruct the subordinates, the role of leaders extended to identify the rudiments of a particular individual’s psychol ogical framework and thereby motivate the individuals toward the attainment of a particular objective (Durose, 2011). From a consultant psychiatrist’s point of view, it becomes apparent that the philosophy of leadership training, in the modern day context, essentially deals with building up human relations focusing more over intrinsic motivation rather than suppressing the subordinates with external instructions (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2012). However, with such broad perspective, it is quite likely that the implementations of leadership training programmes, concerning the enhancement of individual leadership skills can emerge to be a challenging task. As from the consultant psychologist’s point view, it is indeed a tough task to identify the psychological order of an individual’s thinking and likewise, maximise their potentialities to develop as leaders along with expanding the capacity of those individuals to serve the community at large (Alimo-Metcalf e, 2010). This particular aspect can be directly related with the argument made by Raelin (2003) that leadership

Legal Services Act 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Legal Services Act 2007 - Essay Example Notary and certification matters 6. Admittance of "oaths." (Explanatory Notes to Legal Services, 2008). The aspect of authorised person is very important since only they are empowered to carry out authorised legal activities or functions. It is however a defence that the person was ignorant or unknowing about this matter, or did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know. In case of unauthorised carrying out of approved legal activities, the The Act permits the carrying out of alternative business structure (ABS) by non-lawyers in the fields of professional, management and ownership roles. The new Act allows approved regulators who can authorise licensed bodies to offer specialised professional services. "The provisions of this Part have effect for the purpose of regulating the carrying on of reserved legal activities and other activities by licensed bodies." (Alternative business structures: Introductory, 2007, p.42). legal, could extend their services to include, within its jurisdiction, legal work also. This could be seen as the primary area of deficiency that causes concern for professionals and practioners alike, since non legal professionals may not be able to impart the highest standards of professional ethics as could legal professionals. The aspect of providing for Alternative Business Structures (ABS) facilitates licensing of innovative business structures in legal services. ... Incumbent shall be liable for monetary penalties as deemed necessary. The Act permits the carrying out of alternative business structure (ABS) by non-lawyers in the fields of professional, management and ownership roles. The new Act allows approved regulators who can authorise licensed bodies to offer specialised professional services. "The provisions of this Part have effect for the purpose of regulating the carrying on of reserved legal activities and other activities by licensed bodies." (Alternative business structures: Introductory, 2007, p.42). The Act widens the scope of enforcement of legal professional rights to authorised persons other than barristers and solicitors, however, no date is fixed for the coming into force of these provisions. This in effects means that even people who are holding non -legal professions, other than legal, could extend their services to include, within its jurisdiction, legal work also. This could be seen as the primary area of deficiency that causes concern for professionals and practioners alike, since non legal professionals may not be able to impart the highest standards of professional ethics as could legal professionals. Alternative Business Structures (ABS): The aspect of providing for Alternative Business Structures (ABS) facilitates licensing of innovative business structures in legal services. These will permit lawyers and non-lawyers to work together to carry out legal and other services. This Part of the Act sets out the arrangements for authorisation, by the Board, of licensing powers that be allowed framing rules and regulations, and, in the lack of an appropriate licensing authority, the Board can license ABS firms straightaway. It also makes conditions for the

Importance of global trade in Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of global trade in Singapore - Essay Example Therefore, the key term will determine what affects Singapore in the global trade and what makes it sustain the world economic dynamics in trade. Global trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries in the world. Therefore, this research will bring out the importance of exchanges of service and goods in Singapore. Singapore has a big role in the global trade. This is concerning its position in the world trade. The country has a good infrastructure in place, and most of its population is educated (Eiras et al., 2011). The country has a number of European companies built there and is among the leading external investor in the world. The country also has a good relationship with many countries. After understanding of the concepts, one develops an interest to research about the effect that Singapore has on the global trade. A discussion of the importance of global trade in Singapore has been explored using SWOT analysis. This will bring more insight of where Singapore is placed at the moment and its effect in the global trade Strengths: Singapore is ranked among the largest exporter of goods and services in the world. With this position, it plays a crucial role in global trade. As a country it gains, more advantage because of its position in the global trade. The country has achieved this through embracing of trade dependence and encouraging globalization. The country also has assured economic security, and this is through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT that it acceded in 1973 (Eiras et al., 2011). These forms a system that has rules captured in World Trade Organization that see the country have economic dependence. The country also enjoys the foreign direct investment. It has over 10,000 companies from the European Union operating across a wide range of sectors. This makes Singapore the fifth largest external investor in the world by 2012 (Country Highlights of The

Uncle Joe's Bookstore Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uncle Joe's Bookstore - Assignment Example The medium-sized chain, such as Border and Waldenbooks are now memories. Lederman notes that even the giant Barnes & Noble Booksellers is struggling, although it has its own vast online division. Uncle it is a very sad state here, the independent bookstores are closing down. However, something encouraging is that the overall number of the independent bookstores has increased from 1651 in 2009 to about 2000 in 2013. It is not only the Internet that is killing the book industry Uncle, the big discount stores purchase the books in bulk and sell them at lower consumer prices than any independent bookseller could ever hope for. As the technology moves forward, it has resulted in countless demise of small bookstore retailers. Therefore, I will ensure that colleges here in the Savannah benefit maximally from the store. As for the original works Edgar Allen Poe, I will put them in the e-platform because currently almost everyone has an Internet enabled phone or has access to the internet. I will indicate that this is the first time the letters he wrote are being released. Since the Internet is accessed by a wider consumer base, I guess most people will know about the bookstore that it is the one that first released Edgar Poe’s letters. I will make sure I wear gloves before reading them. As for your old photographs that you took while you were stationed in England, I will display them at the bookstore in the history section for the readers to see the role you played in maintaining global peace. The pictures will also be of great significance for people who are interested in world history. I will make sure that the bookstore is a home for the students. I will make sure that I have good stock. As cited by McMurtry, more people will come if a bookstore has more books. Besides that, certain people do not like too much the order in the bookstore because they want to feel like they are finding

Task 10-7 Education Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Task 10-7 Education Technique - Essay Example The observed instructions entail conversation with the students for them to acknowledge the essence of the lesson. Furthermore, the utilization of identifiers limits confusion amongst the group members as evident in the color and shapes. Eventually, this creates a classroom where there is proper learning. The environment has enabled the creation of a positive environment where there is a good relationship between the students and their teacher. From the engagement of students in conversation and good relationship in class, the students are expected to learn to express themselves with confidence. For students’ higher understanding, they have to know what the teacher is saying, and ask questions or give their opinions. For example, the teacher asks, â€Å"do you have to work?†, while the students answer â€Å"yes† thus increasing the students’ engagement in class. The purpose of engaging students in class is to upgrade their performance and the entire school ’s performance. The level of student engagement is high. There is the participation in group-work and this allows all learners to contribute in class for them to learn from their classmates and the educator. These students are involved in all activities and that makes them feel more encouraged to partake in the class and learn. This is evident as they move towards the objects that facilitate learning.As evident in the lesson, students are allowed to move during the beginning of the class in a manner that is not fashioned.

Survey Example Essay Example for Free

Survey Example Essay We the students of communication skills 14 are conducting a research paper regarding the causes and effects of smoking and drinking to 2nd year students of Centro Escolar University, Manila school year 2012-2013. Here are some questions below, please answer it by putting check on the answers provided before the line. Thankfully yours, (name of respondents) Researchers Questions For Drinkers: 1. Have you ever consumed alcohol? __yes __no 2. At what age did you start consuming alcohol? ________ 3. . Why did you start consuming alcohol? __ peer pressure __family problems __curiosity __to have fun Other(please specify____________) 4. Have you ever passed out or experience memory loss due to drinking? ___ yes ____no 5. What alcoholic beverages do you often drink? ____ beer ____ cocktails ____ rhum ____ whistkey 6. How often do you drink? ____ once a week ____ twice a week ____ once every two weeks Others: (please specify) _____ 7. Do you drink to escape pain, either physical or emotional? ___ Yes ___ No 8. How does it affect your condition the next day? ____ makes you lazy ____ makes you feel sleepy ____ makes you feel out of the mood ____ makes you feel sick 9. Have you ever skipped or missed class because of drinking? ___Yes ___ No 10. How does it affect your performance in school? ____ gives you poor outcome in class participation ____ makes you feel lazy to come to class ____ makes you feel sleepy during class ____ gives you low grades 11. Have you ever skipped or missed class because of drinking? ___Yes ___No 12. Did you ever get into any fights while drinking? ___Yes ___No 13. Any future plans to stop? ___ Yes ___ No Questions for Smokers: 1. When did you start to smoke? ____ 10-12 years old ____ 13-15 years old ____ 16-19 years old Others: (Please specify) _____________ 2. Why did you start smoking? ____ peer pressure ____ stress ____ curiosity Other(please specify) ______________ 3. What do you get from smoking? ____Relaxation ____ Habit ____Good time Others(please specify) ___ 4. Who among in your household smokes? ____Father ____ Sister ____Mother ____ Brother Others(please specify) ____ 5. How many sticks did you used when smoking? ____1 to 2 sticks ____ 2 to 3 sticks ____ 3 to 4 sticks Others(please specify) ____________ 6. How often do you smoke? ____ everyday ____ every other day ____ once a week Others( please specify) ____________ 7. What influenced you to start smoking? ____ peer pressure ____ to gain new experience ____ being done in the family Other(please specify) _____________ 8. Why do you smoke? ____Relaxation ____ Habit ____ Good times Others(please specify)____ 9. Are you aware of the effects of smoking to yourself and to the people around you? ____ Yes ____ No 10. Any future plans to stop? ____ Yes ____ No

Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare

Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare The global medical industry is one of the worlds fastest growing industries, absorbing over 10% of gross domestic product of most developed nations. It constitutes of broad services offered by various hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies and ably supported by drugs, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, medical equipment, manufacturers and suppliers. The medical and health care industry provides enormous employment opportunities to choose from. Apart from using the services of medical professionals, this industry also utilizes the expert services of public policy workers, medical writers, clinical research lab workers, IT professionals, sales/marketing professionals and health insurance providers. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY The United States of America has one of the largest medical and healthcare industries in the world, followed by Switzerland and Germany. The USAs medical industry comprises of more than 750,000 physicians and 5,200 hospitals. USA witnesses approximately 3.8 million inpatient visits and 20 million outpatients visit on a daily basis. Furthermore, the United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. The Global prescription drug market was $550 billion in the year 2006. Also, the total health care expenditures across the world were $4.5 trillion last year. Of which, US solely account for $ 2.2 trillion, $ 2 trillion in OECD countries and remaining $ 0.3 in other countries of the world. MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE INDUSTRY The global medical industry is highly fragmented, comprising of various ancillary sectors namely medical equipment and supplies, pharmaceutical, healthcare services, biotechnology, and alternative medicines sectors. Medical Equipment and Supplies: It consists of various establishments or units engaged in designing, manufacturing, selling and distributing of surgical and medical instruments, ophthalmic, lab apparatus, electro medical, dental, irradiation, surgical appliances and supplies. Pharmaceutical Industry It consists of several establishments involved in developing, researching, marketing and distributing drugs or medicines. Globally, the market share of pharmaceutical industry is US $340 billion. The global pharmaceutical sales account for US$ 602 billion, with an annual growth rate of 7%. Healthcare Services Industry It includes various establishments dealing in different type of services like testing, outsourcing, compliance, chemical analysis, transcription, quality assurance, validation, and other types of services. The global market share of biotechnology services industry is worth US $ 50 billion, which is soon expected to witness a hike in coming years. Presently, pharmaceutical testing service industry values to US $ 5.9 billion, which is predicted to reach US $ 9.5 billion by the end of 2009. Microbiological testing service industry accounts for US $ 2.4 billion. Globally, the medical outsourcing services industry accounts for approximately US $ 200 billion. Biotechnology Industry It is one of the most research-intensive segments of the global healthcare industry. Biotechnology industry is composed of many establishments, which are engaged in making wide variety of biotech products. Biotechnology is primarily being used by the pharmaceutical industry but there are other industries like agriculture, mining, waste treatment industries as well, which are making continuous use of biotechnology. Biotechnology companies focus on developing methods or products used for preventing, diagnosing and treating dozens of life threatening and chronic diseases. The biotechnology industry has mushroomed since its inception and at present it is equivalent to US $ 50.7 billion. China, USA, India, Australia, and France are the market leaders of biotech products in the world. Alternative Medication Industry It consists of various groups involved in the promotion of different forms of alternative medications and therapies like ayurveda, homeopathy, aromatherapy, massage therapy etc. The total market size of alternative medicine is valued at US $2.7 billion while global market for traditional therapies accounts for US $60 billion. Dietary Supplements Industry As per the Office of Dietary Supplements, consumers in the USA spent $20.3 billion on dietary supplements in 2004. This comprises of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, whole foods, nutraceuticals, etc, the USFDA regulates dietary supplements differently than the conventional foods and drug products. Regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of dietary supplements before they are marketed. The industry derives much of its demand from growing health awareness, ageing population, consumer spending, and nutrition trends. Bringing out innovative products, effective merchandising and competitive pricing determines the manufacturers profitability. Supplements are sold via supermarkets, drugstores, Internet, mail orders, health food stores, and by direct sellers. KEY GROWTH DRIVERS OF THIS INDUSTRY There are various factors, which govern the growth of the medical and healthcare industry. Some of the key factors are: Continuous investments in research development has resulted in increased productivity and better quality of drugs, medicines, medical instruments, hospital equipment, and other medical supplies used in medical industry. Provides employment to large chunk of human population. United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. Increased costs in the medical treatment in the developed nations have driven patients to migrate to Asian countries. Rise in ailments among the ageing population especially in developed nations has led to the increase in demand of variety of drugs or medicines. Innovative techniques of drug discovery and drug development, new cures and treatments, gene testing for insurance, genetic predictions of disease and related issue, human cloning and reproductive technologies are the other key drivers of the medical industry. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRY The future perspective of medical industry seems to be immensely bright and encouraging for this industry in terms of the expected surge in global demand and upsurge in investments. Several trends such as globalization, continuous investments in research and development, newer techniques of drug development and discovery, product proliferation, mergers and acquisitions are the key drivers of this industry. Increasing corporatization of Private Healthcare in the backdrop of a growing and affluent middle class is an emerging trend that has been pushing the growth of this industry. Health Insurance and Medical Tourism are the other significant trends, which are governing the global healthcare and medical industry. Most of the nations are now emphasizing on the accreditation of medical professionals so as to ensure legitimacy of the services provided by them. Robust advancement in the field of information technology will allow critical medical data to be processed and transferred quickly over larger distances, thereby saving time of both the patients and physicians in the speeding delivery of treatment. WELCOME TO INDIA! Indian Herbal Industry The Indian herbal market is sharply rising, expecting to hit the INR 14500 crore mark with exports reaching INR 9000 crore by the year 2012. The herbal market has a CAGR of around 25%. India is followed by China as the largest producer of medicinal plants having more than 40 per cent global diversity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has projected that the global herbal market will grow to USD 5 trillion by 2050. According to a study on Herbal Industry Biz Potential, currently, the Indian herbal market is worth Rs 7000 crore (USD 1.7 billion) and India exports herbal raw materials and medicines worth over Rs 3600 crore (USD 902 million) THE AYURVEDIC MEDICINE INDUSTRY IN INDIA Ayurvedic medicines are produced by several thousand companies in India, but most of them are quite small, including numerous neighborhood pharmacies that compound ingredients to make their own remedies. It is estimated that the total value of products from the entire Ayurvedic production in India is on the order of one billion dollars (U.S). The industry has been dominated by less than a adozen major companies for decades, joined recently by a few others that have followed their lead, so that there are today 30 companies doing a million dollars or more per year in business to meet the growing demand for Ayurvedic medicine. The products of these companies are included within the broad category of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG; which mainly involves foods, beverages, toiletries, cigarettes, etc.). Most of the larger Ayurvedic medicine suppliers provide materials other than Ayurvedic internal medicines, particularly in the areas of foods and toiletries (soap, toothpaste, shampoo, etc.), where there may be some overlap with Ayurveda, such as having traditional herbal ingredients in the composition of toiletries. The Ayurveda industry is dominated by Dabur, Baidyanath and Zandu, which hold nearly 85% share of the market. Dabur India Ltd. Leads the Ayurveda market as Indias largest supplier and the fourth largest of FMCG products. Daburs Ayurvedic Specialities Division offers a range of medicines ranging from common cold to chronic paralysis. However, this is only 7% of Daburs total revenue. The famous Chyavanprash from Dabur, owns 70% of the market while the Digestive Hajmola tablets has an 88% share. Damburs Amla Hair Oil, Vatika Shampoo and Tooth powder occupy a major chunk of the marketplace. Kolkata based, Sri Baidyanath Ayurvedic Bhawan Ltd. Is a specialist in Ayurvedic Products and has recently ventured into FMCG markets Its forte was in its internationally marketed Shikakai (Soap) and range of cosmetic products. Baidyanath has more than 750 products in its Ayurvedic portfolio pulling a sales volume of over 350 million dollars. Similar to the product basket of Dabur, Baidyanath is into massage oils, Chyavanprash and patented Ayurvedic products. Mumbai Based, Zandu Pharmaceutical Works, focused largely on Ayurveda based products. In its 45 million dollars turnover, Zandu drives its entire sales from its chemicals and cosmetic division. In 1934, Bangalore witnessed the birth of The Himalaya Drug Company. With over 500 million dollars of net worth, Himalaya has expanded and engraved a footprint into the US soil. Some of its offerings such as the Liv-52 capsules, introduced in India in 1955, are marketed as a liver protector and therapy for liver diseases like viral hepatitis. Charak Pharmaceuticals, producer of liquids, tablets, and veterinary products has constantly grown in market share with its newest introduction of the product Evanova, a concoction of 33 herbs and minerals and non-hormonal active ingredients used as a menopause treatment alternative to HRT. Containing a good amount of Soya content, Evanova contains herbs like elective estrogen receptor modulators as well as asparagus root (shatavari), which diminishes the regularity and intensity of hot flashes. The age old Vicco Laboratories incorporated nearly 60 years ago, primarily produces Ayurveda based topical therapies. Its evergreen, Vicco Vajradanti, has enhanced its foothold, not only in India but in the US markets too. The newest entrant in the segment, The Emami Group, provides a diverse range of cosmetic and Ayurvedic products. Emamis, Himani line of Ayurvedic products occupies only 110 million dollars of the turnover of the group. Similar to its competitors, Emami deals with products such as Chyavanprash and herbal oils. Aimil Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Excells in the manufacture and selling of generic and proprietory Ayurveda based medicines. With a meager 20 million dollars of business, its Ayurvedic range comprises of therapeutic products which had received the National Award for Quality Herbal Preparations and National Award for R D. Aimil is well known for its proprietary formulae for hepatitis, diabetes, menstrual disorders, digestive disorders, and urinary diseases. The herbal honey, Chyavanprash dominates the Indian market with 69% market share. Dabur leads the Amla based Chyavanprash product market with Baidyanath, at 11%, and Zandu and Himani (Emami Group) with about 7.5% each. An assortment of stand-alone herbs, traditional formulae, coupled with proprietary medicines make up the herbal Indian market> there is also a huge section comprising of the massage oils, shampoos, skin creams and other tropical products. Himalaya Drug Company and Universal Medicaments (UM) in Nagpur, lead the market for such traditional medicines. UM has a JV for production and RD of herbal based products, with Cipla Ltd. and Lupin Ltd. UM is exports both pharma based medicines as well as herbal medicines. STATUS OF AYURVEDA IN INDIA The governments of India and NGOs in India have been collecting data on the Ayurvedic system in India pertaining to the manpower and institutional aspects of Ayurveda which has emerged over the years. 60% of Indian physicians deal with non-allopathic systems of medicines. There are 4 lakh Ayurvedic practitioners, while over 1.7 Lakh doctors dealing in Homeopathy. Even though India has over 500,000 medical doctors, similar to that of US, India addresses nearly 4 times the number of patients as compared to the US. Even with the illustration of Universal Medicaments Pvt. Ltd., we can see the depth of product offerings with a herbal base. Some of the formulations developed by them are Karnim (Anti-diabetic supplement), Herbokam (Anti-stress formula), Chetak (Stimulant), Tonabilin (Iron supplement), Minitone, U-Gyanetone, and Unicough Syrup. With over 15 main stream proprietary products, they are gradually moving away from traditional Ayurveda and adopting newer forms to suit existing trends. Colorado based, Maharishi Ayurveda Products International is the largest supplier of Ayurveda based herbal products to the US and other western countries. Despite the popularity of the teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and his teaching of transcendental meditation, the company holds a meager market share and a limited staff. The Maharishi has adopted a typical Pharmaceutical company approach where Doctors are attracted by their products and thus, become representatives to spread the message regarding their products. Due to the age old perception in western worlds that traditional medicines cannot be promoted or accepted with ease, there is an increased focus on individual herbs such as the Indian Ashwagandha. Comparing the product with ginseng, which has been the best selling medicinal herb in the international markets, it has earned the name of the Indian ginseng Earlier, the greatest promoted basil from Ayurveda was Centella asiatica, a variety of Brahmi. The herb contained two other non- Ayurvedic herbs with which it gained immense importance and was promoted extensively as an energizer and a tonic for brain related issues. However, a Chinese herb has taken its place due to confusion about its source. On the contrary, there are bitter past experiences for many westerners when they make a trip to India which indicates that the problems exist primarily in the source country. Contamination issues and quality control from heavy metals, pesticides and other materials has become an increasing concern among Ayurvedic factories. Yet a few large ones have managed to invest in testing facilities and quality issues. The Story Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala, an Ayurvedic Medical Center Kottackal Arya Vaidya Sala which was founded in 1902 by Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier is today one of Indias morst revered ayurvedic institutions. It offers Ayurvedic medicines and treatments to seekers all over India. It is a charitable institution offering medicines and treatment. The Arya Vaidya Sala also manages one Ayurvedic Hospital at Kottakkal in Kerala and at Delhi. It also cultivates medicinal plants and manufactures medicines along with conducting research programmes and publishing various literature on Ayurveda. They also run a Kathakali Academy. The founders studied this traditional medicine under the classical Gurukul system. They also acquired proficiency in the practice of Allopathy. In 1933, in recognition of his valuable services to humanity, Sri P. S. Varier was conferred the distinguished title of Vaidyaratna by His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor General of India. Left: Some of the 500 Ayurvedic formulas developed by Arya Vaidya Sala; Right: Home of S. Varier, the organizations founder. Sri Varier, called the Savior of Ayurveda in the South passed away in 1944. He had executed a will prior to his demise, which converted his proprietary into a charitable trust, as per the provisions of its founders will Arya Vaidya Sala functions as a charitable trust. Ayurvedic Natural Health Center, Goa, India Todays Ayurvedic health care services aspires to cater to tourist from across the world. Although herb products can be taken everywhere, the services of Ayurveda are epitomized by the week-long Panch Karma regimen which are obtained by staying at a special clinic. The Ayurvedic Natural Health Care Center is a group of sites in Goa where people can visit for two weeks to experience a wide range of therapies. The Ayurvedic system is particularly focused on cleansing and detoxifying approaches and uses numerous methods for promoting elimination and relaxation this involves the application of medicated oils and herbs. This center was established only a few years ago by Dr. Gopala Krishinan Valiyaveetil. He belongs to a family specializing in Ayurveda and he has obtained his grounding in Ayurveda from his parents. BREAKING OUT OF THE SLUMBER- AWAKENING INDIA India holds centuries old treasure of well practiced and well recorded wisdom of traditional medicine The basic requirements for gaining entry into the rest of the world include well-documented traditional use of single-plant medicines, Medicinal plants free from pesticides and heavy metals. Herbal drug development is possible only through the enlargement of standardized natural products. The health care systems are going to become more and more expensive hence we have to develop methodologies to essentially introduce and integrate herbal medicine system in mainstream health care. There is a huge scope for India also to emerge as a leading player in the global herbal product based medicine. Drugs manufactured in accordance with principles of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani can reach new horizons. The need is to make them the best in the world by maintaining their quality and efficacy. There is nothing to stop ayurveda and herbal sciences from competing with the modern medicine with its virtues added advantages, fewer side effects and lower costs. THE INDIAN HEALTHCARE MARKET India Spends US $ 22.7 Billion On Healthcare HEALTHCARE MARKET (2005 VS 2025) Healthcare is the third largest growth segment in India THE CURRENT STATUS OF HEALTHCARE Out of pocket semi-urban and rural expenses higher than Urban DRIVERS OF GROWTH Increasing health awareness, Increasing spends on health Health Insurance penetration Increasing disease burden lifestyle diseases Awareness of healthcare and preventive care Employer provided healthcare Community based health plans INDIA PREFERS PRIVATE PROVIDERS Private expenditure as % of total expenditure on health : 82.7 (2004) MAJOR PLAYERS Healthcare services is highly unorganised segment in India ABOUT HIMALAYA The Himalaya Drug Company was founded in 1930 by Mr. M. Manal with a clear vision to bring Ayurveda to society in a contemporary form and to unravel the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. The Himalaya Drug Company is a leader in the Indian phyto-pharmaceutical (Ayurvedic) products ever since its founder M Manal, while visiting Burma in 1930, discovered how elephants were pacified and developed the worlds first anti-hypertensive drug, Serpina. It offers a wide range of pharmaceutical, personal care, consumer and animal health products. Over 300,000 doctors around the globe have endorsed Himalayas products and consumers in over 70 countries rely on Himalaya for their health and personal care needs. The company has pioneered the use of modern science to rediscover and validate the secrets of Ayurveda, the centuries-old Indian system of medicine. It employs cutting edge-technology to create pharmaceutical-grade ayurvedic products. Himalaya is dedicated to providing the highest quality and consistency in herbal care products and the company was also awarded the ISO 9001-2000 certification in 2003. Himalaya has always focused on developing safe, natural and innovative remedies that will help people live safe and healthier lives. Himalayas history is one of innovation through research. The company believes that ideal healthcare system lies in the synergy in between ayurveda and modern science. Himalayas constant endeavour is to create innovative products that satisfy the health and personal care requirements of contemporary living. VISION To bring Ayurveda the source of natural medication, to the society in a modern-day form and to untangle the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. MISSION Establish Himalaya as a science based, problem solving holistic brand with its source entrenched in the ancestry of nature and characterized by trust and healthy lives. Not just consider the local markets but also broaden their horizons across regions (worldwide) with a long term in-depth approach, by adopting the highest ethical standards at each step. Value, consider and utilize the inputs of all the stakeholders of the Himalaya family to garner the seed to shelf policy. The focus is on adopting eco friendly practices to support the environment that we live in. The employees are expected to support the Himalayan promise of exceeding consumer expectations each and every time. PRODUCT SERVICES Himalayas products can be broadly classified into 3 main ranges viz. Healthcare Health maintenance, eye care, skin care, cardiac care, immune booster and cough control Personal Care Health care, oral care, hair care, skin care and baby care Animal Health Daily care products for sensitive cats and dogs Each of the products under the categories mentioned above are ayurvedic and have no side effects after use. Constant innovation has been the mantra of the management at Himalaya. Himalaya has had some exceptional innovative products in its product offerings that has helped it grow in stature. Some of the most successful innovations that have helped Himalaya become the leaders in Herbal Healthcare are as follows; Serpina Derived from the plant serpentina. It was a natural tranquiliser with anti-hypersensitive properties. Was the world first natural hypersensitive medicine launched in 1930. Liv. 52 An apt example of innovation at Himalaya. The RD department was given the job to come up with a natural remedy that improved liver function as that was the main concern of people then in 1950. The team came up with a natural medicine that became the hallmark of innovation. Today, 1 billion tablets and 13 million syrup bottles of Liv. 52 are sold annually across the globe. Bonnisan A sweet tasting natural paediatric digestive tonic introduced in 1972. Soon after launch it became the leading brand in its category and today is Indias number 1 paediatric digestive product. On further research in Malaysia, Bonnisan also helped cure the long standing asthama problems in several preteens. Reosto A unique herbomineral preparation that slows bone loss and strengthens bone. The plant hormones that are present present in Resto influences the bone formation and also minimizes the risk of fracture cased by osteoporosis. Menosan It is an ideal alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Menosan helps women during the menopausal and post menopausal stages. The plant derived hormones i.e. phytoestrogens are completely risk free and help women cope with the menopausal discomforts and mood swings. PureHands A herbal sanitizer that kills 99.9% of the germs and prevents infection. The germicidal action on Neem, freshness of lemon and softening action of hrivera has helped this product gain acceptance in the market. Himplasia A product that was launched in 2002 to help aged men deal with the prostrate problems. This is a natural product with no side effects and men could start taking this medicine early and hence restrict the growth of the prostrate. Hair Loss Cream This product helps reduce hair loss, stimulate hair growth, increase hair thickness and improve tensile strength of hair. The regular use of this product lead to a 20% reduction in hair loss in just 2 weeks. In their effort to do something good for the society, Himalaya has also forayed into many community services and corporate citizenship programs, which are a part of their corporate social responsibility. This has been broadly classified into Health, Education, Community and Environment. Himalaya has constantly been investing in Training, Education and community welfare projects. They have taken the global cultivation practices, contract cultivation techniques and rain water harvesting techniques to the farmers. Partnerships with companies like Shristhi Special Academy (NGO) and IDEI has helped them walk an extra mile towards community services. GLOBAL PRESENCE Himalaya has grown from being an Indian Ayrvedic brand to a global player with its products being well accepted in more than 70 countries. It has a sound base in USA, Middle East, Europe and Asia and has been diversifying its base rapidly. Himalaya went onto instituting a global company in the name of Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd. which is a parent company of the Himalaya Drug Company worldwide. The company has its offices strategically located in 7 regions through which they reach across to 71 countries. One of the offices in Bangalore (India) extensively looks into the pharmaceutical operations for India, Russia and Asia Pacific while another office in Bangalore looks into only the consumer products. They have their other offices in: Europe Latvia, Middle East Dubai which also caters to the South African region U.S.A. Texas Houston which caters to USA, Canada, Mexico, South America and the Caribbean Singapore This office caters to East Asia and South Pacific Johannesburg This office caters predominantly to South Africa HIMALAYA NEW INITIATIVES Himalaya has come up with State of the art Retail Outlets that cater to only Himalaya Products. This is a strategy adopted by Himalaya to entice customers to buy more Himalaya products. This chain of exclusive Himalaya stores is a retail strategy adopted by the company to increase the accessibility, visibility and enhance the consumer shopping experience. In the fiscal year 2006, Himalaya has 92 exclusive retail stores and the number has been increasing ever since. These retail stores also act as crucial information centers where the customer queries are answered by trained managers. Also, these outlets are electronically linked to a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Cell, which is assisted by a team of medical doctors who respond to specific customer health queries. Customer Interaction Management Himalaya outsourced the entire integration project to a company called Talisman. CIM has helped Himalaya respond to the queries from the customers, doctors and distributors. The main advantage of outsourcing CIM was that they got the module up and running in 2 weeks. Hence, all the queries were catered to and the expertise of Talisman helped them build and strong and fool proof CIM. Also, the work load has been reduced as the primary scanning is done by customer service representatives of Talisman and then the calls / emails are forwarded to the in-house people. SWOT HIMALAYA Strengths Weakness Large Product Profile Presence across the globe with strong brand value Great control over the supply chain across the various countries Certifications from US Food and Drug Administration for Research and Development First company to develop 100% herbal Child Care Products. Very few suppliers for the botanical materials Lack of proper infrastructure to transport and stock the botanical raw materials Technology is older / outdated Share of India in the World Pharmaceutical Production is 1.2% which is quite low as compared to the Population which is 16.1% of world population. Opportunities Threats In international market there is high growth potential Growing demand for Ayurveda and Herbal products Unorganised rural markets with low penetration of herbal medicines Increasing use of OTC products Addition of newer markets due to globalisation High degree of competition among existing players High manufacturing and processing costs Substitutes from alternative therapies Shift from process to product patents Higher entry costs in newer markets High competition from generic products Few discoveries with high costs on RD INNOVATION THEORIES HIMALAYA The times for students of innovations have never been better more promising or more challenging. Every speech after speech at AGMs and business schools world over the word Innovation is ubiquitous. A critical goal is to apply innovation concepts to real time issues. Competitive advantage is gained and maintained through innovation. Innovations may not even have to be break through. Innovation is a change in the thought process of doing something or it is the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. Innovation can be defined as the application of knowledge to create additional value and wealth. Effective innovation is achieved by applying existing knowledge in new and different ways. Innovation can involve significant disruptive change to business and economic structures, or alternatively it can be a process of continuous and incremental business development. But what innovations really are is the truth that Innovations bring about change in the way we live life. An invention may be the creation of something that the world has never seen before but an Innovation is what helps commercialise and metamorphose that invention to become a widely used benefit

Interrelationship between Human Rights and Natural Law

Interrelationship between Human Rights and Natural Law In the second half of the 20th century, the growth of interest in human rights has been accompanied by a revival in natural law. Consider why this should be so, critically exploring the interrelationship between human rights and natural law; and also, by using concrete examples, critically assess ONE or TWO theories that critique human rights with particular emphasis on the grounds for such critique. Word count: 5293 words (body) + 504 words (footnotes) = 5,797 words (+ 962 words bibliography, not including list of reports referred to) There is an assumed correlation between what is good and what comes naturally. For example, parental affection, heterosexual love and support for the elderly are all natural concepts, and therefore, arguably, good. Anything that ignores or distorts human nature is bad[1]. Legislators and lawyers have referred to naturalistic arguments in the past, particularly where the issues at stake are those not already covered by legal precedent[2]. Harris notes that the jurists who developed the law of the Roman Empire frequently made references to the nature of the case as a basis for dealing with matters not covered by previous authority. The compilers of the Corpus Juris used the word ‘naturalis’ as a tag to distinguish natural obligations from their counterparts in the Jus Civile[3]. More recently, in Corbett v Corbett[4], a judge held that a marriage between a man and a person who had undergone a sex change was a nullity because it could not fulfil the natural, biologically determined consequences of marriage[5]. Such lawyer type references to the natural helped evolve the concept of natural law. Classically, natural law is â€Å"right reason in agreement with nature†[6]. It is â€Å"universal and immutable†[7], â€Å"unchanging and everlasting†[8], available at all times and in all places to those whose responsibilities include enacting and developing the law. It is a concept of justice so far as it is there to right wrongs and properly distribute benefits and burdens. It is also a higher law, in that it is superior to any law created by a political authority: it is not possible to be freed from its obligations by â€Å"Senate or People†[9]. Natural law determines whether or not ordinary laws are morally binding on subjects. The rules of natural law are not created by anyone, but are instead discoverable by reason. Since all men have natural essences, or ends (just like in nature, to become an oak tree, for example, is an end for an acorn[10]), knowledge of those qualities allows us to draw conclusions by rational steps about what justice requires to best fulfil man’s ‘end’[11]. Although some natural law philosophers have cited God as the basis for the existence of these natural laws, the theory does not fail if God is taken out of the equation. Even if God does not exist, it is through that natural law would â€Å"have the same content†; and just as God cannot cause that two times two shall not be four, so he cannot cause the intrinsically evil not to be evil[12]. According to Acquinas, human laws derive their legal quality and power to bind in conscience from natural law, guided by a reasoned assessment of the common good. The content of the law is deducible from the first principles of natural law, which include, for example, that one should ‘do no harm to no man’. Any apparently conflicting law is a corruption of the law and so is not binding[13]: in the Seventeenth Century, when it was still accepted that the Courts could hold invalid any Act contrary to natural law, it was said that â€Å"even an Act of Parliament made against natural equity, as, to make a man judge in his own case, is void in itself†[14]. Intrinsic to the concept of natural law is the fact that humans have rights ascribed to them that they possess merely by virtue of being human[15]. They follow directly from the necessary ends fixed by human nature, that is â€Å"from the single fact that man is man†[16]. Schneider describes the basic human rights as â€Å"the right to existence or life, to personal freedom, to the pursuit of perfection of moral and rational life, to the pursuit of eternal good, to keeping ones body whole, to marrying according to ones choice and raising a family, and to free associations†[17]. Whilst not all would agree exactly on what set of rights follow directly from what is ‘natural’, these arguments have been used throughout history to support action taken when ‘natural rights’ have been infringed. The American Colonists justified their overthrow of British rule in 1776 on the basis that the government had impaired their rights to ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’, claiming that it was ‘self evident that man was endowed with such rights’. Indeed, that phrase is the cornerstone of the American Declaration of Independence which states: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evidence, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among those are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness†[18]. This is an adaptation of the phrase used by John Locke, who believed that â€Å"the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges ev eryone. And reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought harm another in his life, health, liberty and possessions†[19]. During the 19th Century, natural law theory lost a lot of its influence as positivism, materialism, utilitarianism and Benthamism became dominant. In the 20th century, however, particularly towards the second half, natural law theory received new attention[20]. This can partly be attributed to peoples’ reaction to the rise of totalitarianism: dictatorships such as those held by Hitler in Germany and Stalin in the USSR, based on terror and on mass support mobilised behind an ideology prescribing radical social change[21]. Such dictatorships are linked to the other factor that can be attributed to the rise in interest in natural law: an increased interest in human rights throughout the world[22]. In particular, the barbarism of the Second World War moved the United Nations General Assembly to adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 which, whilst not legally binding, urged member nations to promote a collection of human, civil, economic and social rights. The Asse mbly called these rights part of the ‘foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world’. These words are echoed in the preamble to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984[23], which has been signed by the United Kingdom, Spain and Chile and by over 100 other nations in acknowledgement of a â€Å"clear recognition by the international community that certain crimes are so grave and so inhuman that they constitute crimes against international law and that the international community is under a duty to bring to justice a person who commits such crimes†. The preamble acknowledges that â€Å"recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world† and recognises that â€Å"those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person†[24]. So natural law theory has been frequently cited by lawyers and forms the basis for many of our human rights conventions and agreements. Throughout history, certain ‘inalienable rights’ have been afforded to human beings simply by virtue of them being human. As well as the American Declaration of Independence and Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations, both of which we have looked at, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), and the first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the United States (‘the Bill of Rights 1791’) all contain similar references. Natural law enables us to identify which ‘basic goods’ should be fundamental and unchangeable; in contrast to positive law, which is human-made, conditioned by history, and subject to continuous change[25]. Further, philosophers endorsing natural law theories have argued that the basic goods that natural law identifie s enable us to have objective knowledge of morality: and that they are sufficiently precise to rule out many kinds of injustice[26]. But natural law theories have attracted much criticism from other philosophical schools of thought. Jeremy Bentham for example, states: â€Å"Right is the child of law; from real laws come real rights, but from imaginary law, from laws of nature, come imaginary rights. ‘Natural rights’ is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptable rights, rhetorical nonsense nonsense upon stilts†[27]. Bentham thought that the way judges insisted upon relying on natural law to justify their decisions was merely to ward off criticism of the law: he believed that judges stretched the notion of rights to the point of vacuity[28], and that what they appealed to as the basis for their decisions involved no publicly assessable reasons whatsoever[29]. For Bentham, natural law theory was no more than a cloak of mystery used to clothe the exercise of unfettered discretion; and an unwritten law based on the general dictates of natural reason was a mere metaphor and convenient fiction, whe re the real basis for the decisions being made remained elusive[30]. Such an approach was inconsistent with how matters should proceed in a democratic society since, where the law is open to question, â€Å"unless citizens are able to know what the law is and are given a fair opportunity to take its directives into account, penal sanctions should not apply to them†[31]. It is, of course, abhorrent to the rule of law that judges should be free to render decisions that reflect their personal or social biases[32] and there is common agreement in modern times that Courts are better suited to resolving disputes by reference to what the law actually is than for getting involved in the creation of legalisation itself[33]. â€Å"The existence of law is one thing; its merit or demerit another†[34]; and judges are not concerned with the latter. Bentham was a utilitarianist: he believed that the fundamental basis of morality and justice was the requirement that happiness or goodness should be maximised. There are three basic elements to this theory. We will examine the three elements in the context of a moral dilemma – the use of organs or tissue from a deceased person without the consent of their parent or relative. The first element to consider is that the rightness or the wrongness of an action, which depends upon the consequences it produces. In this context, the failure to obtain parental consent, perhaps also with an element of intentional deceit in obtaining the organs or tissue, may be outweighed by the potential research benefits that may be afforded society, such as decreasing mortality rates and the potential development of new treatments for disease[35]. The second element establishes a claim with regard to who is to be considered when estimating what the likely consequence of the act will be[36]. The logic behind this principle being the promotion of the aggregate welfare or the maximisation of happiness[37]. Taking this into context, medical staff would need to balance the potential pain and suffering of the parents or relatives of the deceased at the discovery of the retention of organs, with the claim society has on the benefits that are made as a result of the retention[38]. The third element makes a claim as to what makes a good state of affairs good and a bad one bad. In our context, failure to use organs or tissues from a recently deceased person for research and education (regardless of parental or other consent) must be weighed against the possible benefits that such use could bring to society. Failure to use the material would be classified as being a bad state of affairs, whilst its subsequent use, regardless of how the material was obtained, would be viewed as being a good one[39]. This method of reasoning appears to be very powerful in comparison with natural law theory, as it requires no religious faith or explicit moral code[40]; natural law theory in contrast would simply claim that the organs should not be used because the human has some inherent right to dignity and completeness by virtue of them being human. The medical profession sought to rely on similar principles to justify their exclusion of families from the decision-making process in the organ retention scandals brought to public attention by the Bristol, Kennedy, Redfern, CMO and Isaacs Reports[41]. The response to this was that to exclude relatives from such decisions relating to their loved ones would undermine family autonomy, and would be â€Å"objectionable, unethical, paternalistic and reflective of a stance no longer acceptable in contemporary Western medicine†[42]. It is clear that natural law theories are the basis for reasoning behind our development of the law of human rights that we see today. But the use of such theory as a basis for human rights is problematic because, firstly, there is no common agreement on what is ‘good’. The basic human goods mentioned earlier that Schneider identified were not available to all persons during Schneider’s lifetime, and indeed it is not until recently that some have been secured by the law today. Schneider thought that marrying according to ones choice was a right that humans should have by virtue of being human, but only recently by the Civil Partnership Act 2004, which came into force on 5 December 2005, same sex couples have been allowed to marry in the United Kingdom[43]. Before that time, everyone did not have the right to ‘marry according to one’s choice’ because same sex-couples could not marry. Even now, there are some restrictions on who can get married à ¢â‚¬â€œ for example, a marriage solemnised between persons either of whom is under the age of 16 is void[44]. Similarly, as Bentham asserts, men are not really ‘free’ and there is no real freedom. Bentham states: â€Å"All men, on the contrary, are born in subjection, and the most absolute subjection the subjection of a helpless child to the parents on whom he depends every moment for his existence. In this subjection every man is born in this subjection he continues for years for a great number of years and the existence of the individual and of the species depends upon his so doing†[45]. Secondly, even if certain fundamental rights can be agreed upon, conflicts arise between the fundamental rights of one person and another. The obvious questions that arise from these issues are, how do we determine what fundamental rights should be available to all persons? How do we decide on the level of state interference that is ‘right’ when it comes to people making choices? And, where ethical decisions are at stake, how do we effectively balance the fundamental rights of one person against another? For example, with reproductive technology, couples may use screening to avoid implanting an embryo identified as having genetic predispositions towards disease. They may also select the sex of their baby, or even identify if their embryo has the right tissue match to make it a compatible donor for another family member[46]. It is extremely difficult to decide how far the state should restrict such reproductive choices using natural law theory alone. The rights of the parents, the unborn child and the potential beneficiary of a donor, must be considered: all of which we may argue have a set of inherent right s afforded to them by virtue of them being human, but whose rights should prevail? Even if such choices can be agreed on now, Bentham points out that future governments may not have honesty to be trusted with the determination of â€Å"what rights shall be maintained, what abrogated what laws kept in force, what repealed†. Similarly, future subjects â€Å"will not have wit enough to be trusted with the choice whether to submit to the determination of the government of their time, or to resist it.†[47] There can be no agreement on the fundamental ‘goods’ and even if an agreement is reached, it may be that those in power in the future will change their decision as to what rights are inherent. It may also be that those subject to that power do not agree on the decisions that have been made for them. Because natural law makes no reference to anything (the right is just based on is inherently deducible from what is natural) and there is no real marker by which to measure decisions and laws, these cannot be immutable. Further, even if natural law theory is successful in identifying inherent rights that we can agree on, it does not state what limits there are in enforcing morally legitimate directives[48]. This begs the question: if a person has an inherent right by virtue of being human, how far can they go to enforce that right? The actions of Dr Martin Luther King demonstrate how far some have gone: King protested against segregation laws which he claimed violated natural law, and as a result he urged civil disobedience, which entailed violating the law[49]. A person held in captivity might for example need to go so far as to encroach on other people’s inherent to protect their own: in order to protect their right to life and freedom, a prisoner may have to kill their captor to escape. Bedau, in fact, suggests that Bentham misses the opportunity to make a further attack on natural law theory because of this lack of reference to what a citizen should do if their rights are encroached upon, the absence of which could be viewed as a â€Å"tacit invitation to insurrection, violence and anarchy†; since it is â€Å"hardly surprising that believers in â€Å"natural and imprescriptable rights might use direct and violent measures in an effort to secure those rights†[50]. The act of citizens using violence to secure their natural rights which encroach on others’ natural rights is an issue of balancing. There are many other scenarios where balancing respective rights are a problem: abortion, for example, could be seen as the murder of innocent lives that have inherent rights as human beings. Per natural law theory, laws that permit abortion must be invalid and Doctors who conduct abortions must be murderers. Arguably then, the execution of abortion doctors is a legitimate defence of others, and perhaps also a justified punishment for their evil behaviour and violation of natural law principles[51]. But to deny abortion is encroaching on the mother’s ‘natural’ rights of freedom and autonomy. These are arguments that are ongoing today. Bentham proposes that the whole concept of natural rights is flawed: there are simply no such things as natural rights. Rights anterior to the establishment of government do not exist; neither do rights that are opposed to, or in contradistinction to, legal rights. The expression, according to Bentham, is merely figurative; and as soon as one attempts to give it a literal meaning, it leads to error[52]. As well as attacking the use of natural law reasoning by judges, Bentham gives sound logic for his disapproval of the theory. First, men who have lived without government, live without rights: and such men are part of ‘savage nations’, with no habit of obedience and therefore no government; no government and therefore no laws; no laws and therefore no rights; and consequently, no security, property or liberty against regular control. Bentham argues that (since life without government brings unhappiness and savagery) we have a want for happiness and therefore a want for, and a reason for wanting, such rights. But â€Å"reasons for wishing there were such things as rights, are not rights; a reason for wishing that a certain right were established, is not that right want is not supply hunger is not bread.† In other words, simply stating that we are free because we want to be free, does not make us free[53]. Bentham points out that something which has no existence cannot be destroyed – and if it cannot be destroyed, it cannot therefore require anything to preserve it from destruction[54]. So for example, freedom does not exist and so we can’t destroy it; and since we can’t destroy it we don’t need to protect it from destruction by creating and being signatory to conventions like the Declaration of Rights which he attacks. To seek to do so is dangerous because as soon as a list of those natural rights is given, they are expressed to represent legal rights; but no government can abrogate or uphold them because they are a fallacy. They are not something we can rely on because they are non-existent. We have already examined Bentham’s alternative to natural law. Bentham’s model sees the virtue of the law expressed not in terms of morality, but instead, in efficiency: the greatest good of the greatest number, secured not by different decisions taken by different officials who rely on their own diverse judgements, but by detailed policy schemes whose complex consequences can be carefully considered in advance, laid down in detail, and enforced to the letter. Where in contrast moral tests are used to determine the law, which allow citizens and officials to disagree about what morality requires and to substitute their own judgement about what standards have been established, the consequent disorganisation will produce chaos[55]. Applying Bentham’s logic, the law is whatever the sovereign ruler or parliament has decreed. That Ruler or Parliament, in turn, restricts individuals only so far as is necessary to enable the law to maintain every other individual in the possession and exercise of such rights; and the law is consistent with the greatest good of the community that he should be allowed. The marking out of boundaries is the job of the legislator, and should not be left to any individual, such as the judge, to make ‘occasional and arbitrary’ decisions[56]. But utilitarianism does not necessarily hold the answer to the shortcomings of natural law theories. Since it promotes the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number, this implies that someone should be in charge, with the authority and duty to sacrifice any one person’s property, liberty, and life, for the greater good. It also assumes that the person in charge has the capacity to make those decisions selflessly and to correctly weigh the interests of one person against another. This may not necessarily be the case; and the decisions and actions made could be as ‘occasional and arbitrary’ as those made by supporters of natural law theory. Further, because the decisions are made by those in power, the decisions will become part of the law; and so they are harder to change where they seem unjust; in contrast to natural law theory where natural law (usually in the form of human rights law and conventions) is used to challenge existing laws. A further difficulty is that the greater good approach ignores the individual. Any one person is expendable for the greater good: and so, for example, it is difficult to make a convincing utilitarian argument that rape should be unlawful. Without a moral basis, spiritual basis or teleology for rights, there is an increased risk of materialist or secular ends justifying the means, thereby leading to disregard for individual welfare[57]: laws made for the greater good, based on this logic alone and ignoring reference to a moral code, can be brutal to the individual. Morality is, arguably, a valuable accompaniment to the law: it judges law, and moral attitudes shape the law. Law has moral ambitions; and morality may bear on the validity of law[58]. Bentham’s approach has yet further practical problems, with the stance that judges and such individuals may not interfere with the law, or expand it in any way. Firstly, whilst the law may be set out in great detail, the way it is applied by each judge is not entirely certain. Judges are humans and subject to human imperfection. Secondly, the law will never be able to cover every scenario in every detail as Bentham describes. There will always be some legally unregulated cases in which on some point no decision either way is dictated by the law and the law is accordingly partly indeterminate or incomplete. In such instances, the judge has to exercise his discretion and make law for the case, by expanding the application of existing principles, rather than merely applying already pre-existing settled law[59]. Perhaps a better solution, although not perfect, will draw inspiration from both natural law theory and Bentham’s theories of utilitarianism. Laws, for example, believes that the search for a good constitution of rights is an exercise in moral philosophy: and necessarily involves a reflection on how people in society ought to live. As a constitution of rights exists for the benefit of individual citizens, the primary task will be to identify the essential needs and requirements of mankind. This need not be by reference to purely moral arguments, and need not ignore the needs of the individual when considering the greater good. According to Laws, it starts with the Kantian perception that the individual is an end in himself, never a means. From this, we can generate a constitutional model that prevents the human tendency to interfere with others to the extent that their ability to act autonomously is undermined. The creation of rights to protect autonomy will protect individual s from such interference. Therefore, autonomy â€Å"gives rise to rights†[60]. For this model to work, Laws believes that there must be an institution capable of enforcing the autonomy-protecting rights against the powerful, and especially the government. This institution, he believes, is the Courts. Such a model for human rights does not abolish altogether the difficulties that arise from natural law theory. One still has to agree on the ‘essential needs and requirements’ of mankind. But if one assumes for a moment that not they, nor anyone else, is in a position to state what those needs really are, then the only solution is to allow every individual to decide for themselves that their needs are. Restricting autonomy only to the extent where it encroaches on other people’s autonomy will allow this. It takes away the requirement that there has to be some higher moral order and allows each individual to make the decisions for themselves. This addresses one of the fundamental flaws of natural law theory. Natural law, as we stated, assumes man has an ‘end’ and that rights should be put in place to help him achieve that end. But man does not necessarily want to achieve that end: perhaps instead he wants to terminate his life before he reaches that en d. Human rights in the UK and Europe do not permit him to do so: to protect him from himself. But man is equipped with skills of reasoning, and reason, unlike natural growth, is â€Å"constituted by deliberative qualities like, reflection, analysis, prudence, principle, coherence and consistency. In a way therefore reason is precisely the opposite of a natural quality†[61]. Man may reason that he doesn’t want to follow what is natural, and ought to be permitted not to do so, provided his actions do not directly affect the choices of others. This is somewhat along the lines of John Mills’ harm principle, which denotes that: â€Å"The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant†[62]. Of course, no man is an island[63] and our conduct necessarily involves interaction with others[64]; this is what makes the model imperfect, because it is simply theoretical and not practical. The degree of autonomy we could be afforded without affecting others in our actions is minute. But it is a starting point for considering what human rights should be enforced, and it gets around some complicated ethical problems (such as that of abortion, since autonomy must be restricted to prevent the taking of life of the unborn child, who would have no opportunity for autonomy at all if it were not). Bentham’s greater good theories are not entirely redundant, as in a balancing of autonomous rights question (such as where an organ is available for transplant but the relatives will not consent), the autonomy of the live person, dead person, relatives and medical professionals will still need some form of assessment. The action permitting the greatest autonomy (i.e. the transplant taking place or the unborn life surviving) should perhaps prevail. In conclusion, whilst we have seen a progressive inclusion in human rights into constitutions since the eighteenth century, the upholding of those rights has hardly been a success[65]. The aftermath of the Second World War, which saw the violation of human rights on a massive scale, and the rise in totalitarianism, has spurned a growth in interest towards establishing the security of such rights. In formulating what rights should be included in various conventions, there have be

Dreams in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Dreams in Buffy the Vampire Slayer      Ã‚   The battle between Good and Evil. Nothing could be more timeless or universal. And each week, when presented as a contest between a teenage vampire slayer named Buffy and legions of vampires, demons, and assorted destructive forces on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, millions of modern American television viewers watch that conflict as represented in late-nineties popular culture. As any frequent TV viewer knows, Good wins, vanquishing Evil with some ratings-garnering kicks and punches, and the episode concludes, at least until next week. Right? Not quite. Although Buffy consistently protects the world from destruction, her supremacy as a force of good remains challenged and incomplete. In part, this is a television necessity; forces of evil must always remain to be battled in next week's episode. But within the text of the series itself, the character of Buffy's boyfriend Angel -- a two-hundred odd year old vampire with a soul -- further complicates this blur ring of the lines between good and evil. Angel, whose very nature embodies a coexistence of and struggle between good and evil, functions as a site within which the war between Good and Evil take place on a microcosmic level. In the episode "Amends," Angel's dreams and visions of his past destructive acts drive him to a suicide attempt. The episode's dual reading of the evil force responsible for Angel's dreams as an external demonic force and as an element of Angel's own psyche ultimately suggests the appropriate response to evil is not more destruction but rather comprehension of and vigilance against the complex and competing forces present within individuals.    On its most literal level, the episode "Am... ...itive constructive power even in the face of his darker nature. For Buffy and Angel, dreams are not solutions. Rather, dreams serve as insights into their situation, themselves, and their emotional connection. Though the revelations and lessons of self and of loved ones come from dreams, the solution and "fighting" against evil and weakness comes from the characters working together. Though it presents surprisingly complex view for a television series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer's exploration of the interactive forces of good and evil on two narrative levels ensures that while episodes like "Amends" entertain, they also touch at deeper issues of concern to audiences across time and place. Good, evil, and dream visions -- Tuesdays on the WB.    Works Cited Whedon, Joss, creator. "Amends." Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The WB Network. 15 December 1998.      

Another Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Many of Ernest Hemingway's books have had different meaning and all could be interpreted in different way, but there has never been so much written about his other stories. Well the Old Man and the Sea had more written about it than any of his other novels and there have never been so many different types of interpretations about his other novels. The Old Man and the Sea is a book in which can be interpreted in many different ways. Here you will read what many critics have composed about the story of a great writer, Ernest Hemingway. Many of the critics have the same outlook on the works of Hemingway. Hemingway's work The Old man and the Sea can be looked at in many different perspectives. All the critics believed that his styling of writing was very defined. In 1944 Ernest Hemingway went to Havana, Cuba and it was there he wrote a letter to Maxwell Perkins which states he has a idea on a new novel called The Old Man and the Sea ( Nelson and Jones 139). Hemingway first got his idea for The Old Man and the Sea from the stories that he had heard in the small fish cities in Cuba by a man named Carlos Gutierrez. He had known of this man for about twenty years and the stories of the fighting marlins. It was then that he imagined that man under the two circumstances and came up with the idea. After about twenty years of pondering on the story , he decided that he would start on the novel of The Old Man and the Sea. The story The Old Man and the Sea is about a old man named Santiago who has to over come the great forces of nature. Things seem to always go wrong for him because originally he started out going to fish for some dinner, then he caught the biggest marlin ever and it pulled him out in the bay of Cuba even more then he was. After he was pulled out, he hurt his hands and couldn't risk going to sleep because of the risk of sharks. When the sharks finally attacked he lost the marlin which had become a great part of him because he knew that no one would believe him when he told them the size of the marlin. This has to be one of the most memorable fights in a novel that I have ever seen, but I think that the way he put the novel together was just as good as that of the fight. When he put them together it was then

Essay --

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction This chapter will explain chronological way to do the full research by using different research methodologies. The purpose of study will be explained by the appropriate philosophy in a right approach and the pattern of the reach will be discussed by the researcher thoroughly in this chapter. This approach will be a combination of data collection procedures using both primary and secondary sources, sampling methods, strategy of the research. Every research has some limitations and this chapter will also discuss the limitation of the study by detecting it and comparing with different approaching methods which can be used. 3.2. Data Analysis Method Qualitative and Quantitative these are the two types of approach to the any research analysis for the any data which can be used in research. The research which only uses the numbers to do the research analysis is called Quantitative Research and the research which uses the words, units of the analysis of the collection data and the visual images is Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research is also known about its tending to link with passivism but on the other side, Qualitative Research focused and worked with the association of interpretive. Moreover, the contrast between involvement and lack of involvement respectively are associated by Qualitative data and Quantitative data analysis method (Denscombe, Approach to analysis: quantitative and qualitative research, 2010). The purpose of the study is analyzing the issues of Supply Chain Management which is also known as SCM. The purpose of the study is to analyzing how Supply Chain Management works for Tesco. This study also includes direct involvement relationship between the co... ...SS. 3.9. SUMMARY In this chapter research methodology is associated with the approach of analyzing and explanation of whole research. There is other ways to conduct the research by the researcher. The way of conducting the research should be determined by the researcher in this chapter by explaining all the related logic and explanation. Supply Chain Management has a great impact on today’s success of company. It also develops the organizational performance of Tesco. The researcher follow the qualitative research method to collect the data and for analyzing these data. It includes a survey with 20 questionnaires in 100 groups of people following with 10 face to face interviews. Most of the people from this group are the employees, managers and few customers. Most of the data is collected from the primary source which makes the accuracy and analyzing strength higher. Essay -- CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction This chapter will explain chronological way to do the full research by using different research methodologies. The purpose of study will be explained by the appropriate philosophy in a right approach and the pattern of the reach will be discussed by the researcher thoroughly in this chapter. This approach will be a combination of data collection procedures using both primary and secondary sources, sampling methods, strategy of the research. Every research has some limitations and this chapter will also discuss the limitation of the study by detecting it and comparing with different approaching methods which can be used. 3.2. Data Analysis Method Qualitative and Quantitative these are the two types of approach to the any research analysis for the any data which can be used in research. The research which only uses the numbers to do the research analysis is called Quantitative Research and the research which uses the words, units of the analysis of the collection data and the visual images is Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research is also known about its tending to link with passivism but on the other side, Qualitative Research focused and worked with the association of interpretive. Moreover, the contrast between involvement and lack of involvement respectively are associated by Qualitative data and Quantitative data analysis method (Denscombe, Approach to analysis: quantitative and qualitative research, 2010). The purpose of the study is analyzing the issues of Supply Chain Management which is also known as SCM. The purpose of the study is to analyzing how Supply Chain Management works for Tesco. This study also includes direct involvement relationship between the co... ...SS. 3.9. SUMMARY In this chapter research methodology is associated with the approach of analyzing and explanation of whole research. There is other ways to conduct the research by the researcher. The way of conducting the research should be determined by the researcher in this chapter by explaining all the related logic and explanation. Supply Chain Management has a great impact on today’s success of company. It also develops the organizational performance of Tesco. The researcher follow the qualitative research method to collect the data and for analyzing these data. It includes a survey with 20 questionnaires in 100 groups of people following with 10 face to face interviews. Most of the people from this group are the employees, managers and few customers. Most of the data is collected from the primary source which makes the accuracy and analyzing strength higher.